古代排球?qū)嶋H：排球副攻體系論述之一

本文是外洋研討學(xué)者梳理了2006 – 2016 時(shí)期一些有關(guān)排球副攻的研討論文，并做了體系論述。

作者結(jié)論：總體而言，副攻屢屢是外表型體最高和最重的球員，并且展現(xiàn)最大的彈跳高度。 攔網(wǎng)和打擊（即快攻）是副攻的主要職責(zé)，因此副攻應(yīng)該熟稔把握它們。 副攻受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高，特別是他們的膝蓋和手指。

由于副攻的英文術(shù)語(yǔ)在學(xué)術(shù)界并沒(méi)有一致，本人在翻譯作者整理的研討結(jié)論時(shí)，稱呼 – Denomination 使用了直譯，結(jié)論 – Results 使用了國(guó)內(nèi)的稱呼「副攻」。

以下是作者整理的研討者論文結(jié)論：

稱呼：中攻；中手

結(jié)論：副攻展現(xiàn)出更多好效發(fā)球，反應(yīng)在給接發(fā)帶來(lái)的困難。

Denomination：Middle-attacker; Middle-player

Results： Middle-attackers exhibit a more effective serve, reflected upon the difficulties posed to the serve reception.

稱呼：攻手（殽雜使用策應(yīng)和一傳「外洋主攻手的另一個(gè)稱呼」）

后果：原因于練習(xí)，副攻約莫比防衛(wèi)者有更歷久的反響時(shí)間，這使得他們具有不同的地點(diǎn)安定性。

Denomination: Hitter (mixed with receivers and opposites)

Results: Hitters may have longer reaction times than defenders due to training, which makes them have a different postural stability.

稱呼：中位攔、中位攻

結(jié)論：攔網(wǎng)重?fù)?dān)的副攻的打擊呈下降趨向； 副攻體現(xiàn)出對(duì)單人攔網(wǎng)的高度打擊傾向； 邊攻（策應(yīng)和主攻）通常打擊 2 或 3 人攔網(wǎng)。

Denomination: Central blocker; Central attacker

Results: Downward trend in the attack from the middle hitter with pinched block; Middle hitters show high tendency to attack against individual block; Wing attackers (opposites and receivers) usually attack against 2 or 3 blockers.

稱呼：中手、攔網(wǎng)手

結(jié)論：73% 的傷病與場(chǎng)上地點(diǎn)有關(guān)：三個(gè)前排球員（攻手和副攻）。

Denomination: Center; Blocker

Results: 73% of the injuries were related to a specific court position: the three front players (attackers and blockers).

稱呼：中攔

結(jié)論：二傳在練習(xí)和比賽中必要更多的騰躍，副攻緊隨自后。

Denomination: Middle blocker

Results：Setters performed more jumps in both training and matches, followed by middle blockers.

稱呼：中攻

結(jié)論：策應(yīng)和副攻比擬其他球員傷病更多。

Denomination: Middle hitter

Results: Outside hitters and middle hitters presented more injuries than the other players.

稱呼：中攻、中攔

結(jié)論：場(chǎng)上任何地點(diǎn)，受傷與未受傷之間沒(méi)有差別。

Denomination: Middle hitter; Middle blocker

Results: There were no differences between injured and not injured in any of the playing positions.

稱呼：中攔、中位手

結(jié)論：副攻的受傷幾率更高； 關(guān)于副攻在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)上沒(méi)有察看到損傷形式。

Denomination Middle blocker; Centre player

Results: Injury incidence was greater for centre players; No injury patterns were statistically observed for middle blockers.

稱呼：沒(méi)有提及

結(jié)論：副攻增長(zhǎng)了一個(gè)打擊點(diǎn)的概率； 二到三名攔網(wǎng)手的高頻率，反應(yīng)了繁復(fù)第二波打擊時(shí)期好效打擊的難度。

Denomination: Not mentioned

Results: Attack tempo 1 increased the probability of an attack point; The high frequency of two and three blockers reflected the difficulty of efficient attack during Complex II.

稱呼：中攻

結(jié)論：與二傳或自在人比擬，副攻的身高、上風(fēng)單臂展和雙臂伸展都有更高的數(shù)值； 統(tǒng)計(jì)標(biāo)明副攻和策應(yīng)比二傳和自在人具有更高的特定騰躍才能。

Denomination: Middle hitter

Results: Middle hitters had higher values for height, reach with dominant arm and reach with both arms than either the setters or the liberos; Middle hitters and outside hitters had statistically higher specific jumping abilities than setters and liberos.

稱呼：中攔、中攻、中手

結(jié)論：沒(méi)有發(fā)覺(jué)取決于比賽地點(diǎn)的受傷頻率數(shù)據(jù)； 副攻的身高、體重、攔網(wǎng)和扣球高度的均勻值最高。

Denomination: Middle blocker; Middle hitter; Centre

Results: No data was found for injury rates depending on the playing position; Middle blockers presented the highest mean values for height, weight, block and spike reach.

稱呼：中攔

結(jié)論：在發(fā)球手的人物和發(fā)球后果之間沒(méi)有發(fā)覺(jué)統(tǒng)計(jì)干系。

Denomination: Middle blocker

Results: No statistical relationship was found between the role of the server and the outcome of the serve.

稱呼：中攔、中攻、中位攻

結(jié)論：存在關(guān)聯(lián)： 1、一傳后果和打擊典范。 2、傳球典范和打擊典范。 3. 傳球典范和打擊后果。 力氣打擊是最常用的。 本事很少?gòu)V泛使用; 打擊得分與正負(fù)打擊正干系，與后排和前排打擊傳球負(fù)干系； 打擊失誤與前排打擊傳球正干系，和負(fù)打擊負(fù)干系。

Denomination:

Results: There was association between: 1. Reception effect and attack type. 2. Setting type and attack type. 3. Setting type and attack effect. Powerful attacks were the most used. Tips were the less widely used; Attack score positively associated with positive and negative attack and negatively with back one and inside shoot set; Attack error positively associated with inside shoot set and negatively to negative attack.

稱呼：中位

結(jié)論： 場(chǎng)上地點(diǎn)唯一影響的水平是坐地前伸測(cè)試和體型的瘦長(zhǎng)型和 活動(dòng)型因素； 關(guān)于副攻，并不分明劃定坐地前伸，僅有體型種別； 副攻屢屢是瘦長(zhǎng)活動(dòng)型種別。

Denomination: Centre

Results: The only measures influenced by playing position were the sit and reach test and the mesomorphic and ectomorphic components of somatotype; For centres, sit and reach was not significantly defining, only somatotype; Centres tend to be ectomorphic -mesomorphs.

稱呼：攻手（含中攔、策應(yīng)和一傳）

攻手和自在人的垂直騰躍有顯著差別； 攻手和二傳的垂直騰躍沒(méi)有顯著差別。

Denomination: Spiker (includes middle blockers, opposites and receivers)

Results: There were significant differences between vertical jump of spikers and liberos; There are no significant differences between vertical jump of spikers and setters.

稱呼：中攔、中攻

結(jié)論：沒(méi)有趨向體現(xiàn)傳給副攻的球分明接近二傳。

Denomination: Middle blocker; Middle hitter

Results: No trends were seen with sets delivered to hitters that were closer to the setter.

稱呼：中位手

結(jié)論: 在場(chǎng)上，對(duì)副攻的要求更高，因此他們的比賽強(qiáng)度也更高（思索到他們較高的心率紀(jì)錄）。 紀(jì)錄了較高的血乳酸濃度，尤其是副攻。

Denomination: Central player

Results: When on court there are more demands placed on central players and therefore more intensity in their game (given their high levels of heart rate recorded). High levels of blood lactate concentrations recorded especially the central players.

稱呼：中攻、中位球員

結(jié)論: 在U16男人排球中，發(fā)球者的人物與發(fā)球后果沒(méi)有干系； 在U16女性排球中，副攻發(fā)球次數(shù)較多，發(fā)球者的人物與發(fā)球后果顯著干系。

Denomination: Middle attacker; Middle player

Results: In U16 males there is no relationship between the role of the server and the setting efficacy; In U16 females the middle player carries out the serve more often and the role of the server is significantly related to the setting efficacy.

稱呼：中位攻

結(jié)論：身高（203.8 厘米）和體重（94 公斤）的均勻值與天下大賽層面（奧運(yùn)會(huì)）的終極品級(jí)干系。

Denomination: Central hitter

The mean values of height (203.8 cm) and weight (94 kg) are relevant in establishing the final hierarchy in a world level (Olympic Games).

稱呼：攔網(wǎng)

結(jié)論： 男人專業(yè)運(yùn)倡導(dǎo)股四頭肌和腘繩肌功效與場(chǎng)上地點(diǎn)不關(guān)。

Denomination: Blocking

Results: Quadriceps and Hamstring muscle function of male professional players is independent of their playing position.

稱呼：力氣比特別（外旋肌/內(nèi)旋肌）的約莫性與比賽地點(diǎn)不關(guān)； 特別強(qiáng)度比的頻率在副攻、策應(yīng)和主攻中最高； 外旋肌或內(nèi)旋肌力氣不合錯(cuò)誤稱的約莫性。

Denomination: Blocker

Results: The likelihood of an abnormal strength ratio (external rotators / internal rotators) was not associated with playing position; The frequency of an abnormal strength ratio was highest among the blockers, opposites, and receivers; The likelihood of strength asymmetry of either the external rotators or internal rotators.

稱呼：攔網(wǎng)手

結(jié)論: 策應(yīng)與主攻、副攻的韌性存在差別（p<0.5）； 自在人的韌性高于主攻、副攻和二傳（p<0.01）； 策應(yīng)比主攻和副攻更敏捷； 自在球員比主攻、副攻和二傳愈加敏捷。

Denomination: Blocker

Results: There is difference in toughness between auxiliary setter and ace spiker and blocker (p <0.5); Toughness of libero player is higher than ace spiker, blocker, and setter (p<0.01); The auxiliary setter is more resilient than the ace spiker and blocker; The libero player is more resilient than the ace spiker, blocker, and setter.

稱呼：中攔

結(jié)論：髕骨肌腱病廣泛存在于主攻（18人的12人，67%）副攻（14人中的9人，64%）， 比擬多面手（6 人中的 1 人，17%）或二傳（9 人中的 2 人，22 %); 擁有騰躍者膝蓋的球員的體重也更大。

Denomination: Middle blocker

Results: The prevalence of patellar tendinopathy was higher among outside hitters (12 of 18, 67%) and middle blockers (9 of 14, 64%), compared to utility players (1 of 6, 17%) or setters (2 of 9, 22%); The body weight of the players with jumper’s knee was also greater.

稱呼：中攔

結(jié)論： 副攻傾向于使用單跨步和單并步； 當(dāng)挪動(dòng)到 4號(hào)位 和 2號(hào)位時(shí)，他們使用單跨步，通常很少使用是單并步； 他們不使用并步-跨步-并步； 副攻更多使用并步和雙并步，當(dāng)他們是向左挪動(dòng)；使用跨步和并步-跨步，當(dāng)挪動(dòng)到二號(hào)位。

Denomination: Middle blocker

Results: Middle blockers tend to use the single cross and the single slide; When moving to 4 and 2, they use the single cross step, and less often the single slide step; They do not use the slide-cross-slide; Middle blockers use the slide and double slide more when they are moving to the left, while the cross and slide-cross when moving to position 2.

Reference

The middle blocker in volleyball: A systematic review (2018). ANTONIO MILLáN-SáNCHEZ, JUAN CARLOS MORANTE RáBAGO , AURELIO URE?A ESPA.